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ViperC

The Viper language compiler, written in Viper itself — and it is self-hosted: ViperC compiles its own source and produces viperc.exe. It translates Viper sources to LLVM IR, then drives llc + clang++ to link a native Windows executable. The first-generation CPython compiler (TransPyC) is now only kept as the bootstrapping seed.

English

What is this

ViperC is the second-generation Viper compiler: written in Viper and compiled by Viper. No Python runtime takes part in the compilation path — lexing/parsing goes through includes/ast (a self-implemented parser, 9 files), IR generation through App/lib/core/Gen/, and machine code through llc + clang++.

The bootstrap chain:

TransPyC (seed, implemented in CPython)
    │  one-time only: compile ViperC sources into viperc.exe
    ▼
viperc.exe (stage-one artifact)
    │  bootstrap: this exe compiles ViperC itself
    ▼
viperc.exe (self-hosted artifact — the one shipped in exe\)
    │
    └─ used to build any Viper project (ViperApps\*, Test\* …)

Current state and size (measured on the dev machine):

Item	Value
Compiler sources	82 `.vp` files, 63,783 lines under `App/`
Translator core	`App/lib/core/Gen/` — 54 files, 47,297 lines
Phases & merging	`App/lib/Phase/` 6 files 5,339 lines; `App/lib/Stub/` 9 files 6,207 lines
Project & utils	`App/lib/Projectrans/` 3 files 712 lines
Self-tests	workspace root `Test\` (separate repo): 97 projects, 129 `.vp`, driven by `Test\SequentialRegressionTest.py`
Platform	Windows x64 (sources `import win32.*` directly)

Directory layout

ViperC/
├── project.vpj                 # project config (source_dir=./App, build_dir=./__vpcbuild__, output viperc.exe)
├── App/                        # compiler sources (Viper)
│   ├── main.vp                 # CLI entry: pools, singleton injection, arg parsing, phase dispatch
│   └── lib/
│       ├── Projectrans/
│       │   ├── Config.vp        # project.vpj loader + path resolution (incl. includes cache dir)
│       │   └── Utils.vp         # SHA1 / dir cleanup / misc
│       ├── core/
│       │   ├── VLogger.vp       # logging (info/warn/error/banner/success)
│       │   ├── IncludesScanner.vp   # scan includes/, decide what must be rebuilt
│       │   ├── CompilerFactory.vp   # holds the two MemBuddy singletons (mb + perm_pool)
│       │   └── Gen/             # translator (52 files) — AST to LLVM IR
│       │       ├── Generator.vp / Translator.vp / GenApi.vp / GenTypes.vp
│       │       ├── BaseGenMixin / AssignGenMixin / VarGenMixin / ImportsGenMixin
│       │       ├── MatchGenMixin / AsyncGenMixin / StructGenMixin / TranslatorGenMixin
│       │       ├── Call/   (12) calls: plain / C builtin / ctor / vtable / varargs / inline asm …
│       │       ├── Class/  (6)  classes: def / generic / vtable / enum / mixin
│       │       ├── Expr/   (9)  expressions: name / const / ops / attr / f-string / CDef …
│       │       ├── Func/   (3)  function definitions
│       │       ├── Stmt/   (3)  statements: decl / C-if / mixin
│       │       └── Type/   (6)  type resolution and C type mapping
│       ├── Phase/
│       │   ├── BuildPipeline.vp # .ll -> llc -> .obj -> clang++ -> .exe (plus ASan branch)
│       │   ├── Phase1/          # Phase 1: on-demand includes translation + stub split (.stub.ll / .text.ll)
│       │   └── Phase2/          # Phase 2: multi-file translation, IR assembly, compile
│       └── Stub/
│           ├── StubGen/         # .vpi reader + declaration converter
│           └── StubMerger/      # dependency-ordered merge of .stub.ll / .text.ll

The self-test/regression suite is not in this repo: it lives at the workspace root Test\ (a separate repo, 97 projects, 129 .vp), driven by Test\SequentialRegressionTest.py (--exe exe\viperc.exe).

Prerequisites

Tool	Notes
Windows 10/11 x64	sources `import win32.*`; Windows-only for now
`llc`	LLVM static compiler (22.1.8 here), set by `compiler.cmd` in `project.vpj`
`clang++`	mingw-w64 toolchain, `-fuse-ld=lld` (here `D:/msys64/mingw64/bin/clang++.exe`)
≥ 1.5 GiB free RAM	allocates a 1 GiB main pool + 512 MiB permanent pool at startup
TransPyC	only needed to rebuild the bootstrap seed

Required layout (project.vpj refers to ../includes):

TransPyC\                 # workspace root
├── TransPyC\             # first-generation compiler (seed)
├── ViperC\               # this repo
├── Test\                 # regression suite (separate repo)
├── exe\                  # shipped self-hosted artifact (viperc.exe)
└── includes\             # Viper standard library + includes/ast parser

Quick start

:: everyday use: build any project with the self-hosted compiler
exe\viperc.exe --project ViperApps\ViperMNIST\project.vpj --clean

:: build and run immediately
exe\viperc.exe --project ViperApps\ViperMNIST\project.vpj --clean --run

:: only when rebuilding the compiler itself (bootstrap seed), use TransPyC
python TransPyC\Projectrans.py --project ViperC\project.vpj --clean

Artifacts land in <project dir>\<build_dir>\output\<linker.output> — by default <project>\__vpcbuild__\output\app.exe. ViperC itself sets linker.output to viperc.exe, so its own product is ViperC\__vpcbuild__\output\viperc.exe.

Run the regression suite (workspace root Test\, a separate repo):

python Test\SequentialRegressionTest.py --exe exe\viperc.exe

CLI flags

Flag	Meaning
`--project <path>`	`project.vpj` path (default: current dir, then parent)
`--src <dir>`	single-file mode source dir (overrides config; entry `<dir>/main.vp`)
`--temp <dir>`	declaration temp dir (default `<build_dir>/temp`)
`--output <dir>`	output dir (default `<build_dir>/output`)
`--phase 1\|2\|all`	1 = stub split only; 2 = IR assembly + compile only; all = both (default)
`--cc <cmd>`	LLVM compiler command (overrides config)
`--build-dir <dir>`	override `build_dir` from `project.vpj` (relative paths still resolve against the project dir)
`--clean`	clean temp / output / includes precompiled cache
`--rebuild-includes`	delete only the includes cache (`includes.binary`), forcing a full includes rebuild
`--clear-cache`	clear only temp (`.vpi` / `.stub.ll` / `.text.ll`), forcing stub regeneration
`--run`	execute the produced binary on success
`--repl`	interactive REPL (M1: expression fragment → DLL → call and echo); without `--project` it looks for the `repl.vpj` template project in cwd, then next to `viperc.exe` (errors out with a `--project` hint if neither exists); mutually exclusive with `--asan` / `--phase2command`
`--asan`	ASan mode: `opt -passes=asan` first; runtimes must be declared in `project.vpj` `linker.static_libs`, else fail-fast
`--phase2command <bat>`	do not run `llc`/link; write the commands into the given `.bat`
`--nowarn-register`	suppress Phase A dependency WARNs (cross-module `text.ll` not yet emitted, converges next pass)
`--no-llvmpeephole`	disable FunctionPrint local peepholes (T2 store/load forwarding, T3 no-op bitcast)
`--detection`	enable MemBuddy allocation detection (`0xCDCD` fill + record-table probe for out-of-bounds writes)
`--show-args`	dump all parsed arguments
`--version`, `-v`	print Viper / VRTE / ViperC versions, commit ids, target triple and LLVM version
`--help`, `-h`	print help

Architecture

all .vp/.py under source_dir (multi-file mode: recursively scanned)
    │
    ├─ Phase 1 (stub split)
    │     IncludesScanner translates includes on demand -> Phase1/*
    │     Translator + Gen/* emit IR, then write two files:
    │       <sha1>.stub.ll   declarations
    │       <sha1>.text.ll   implementations
    │
    ├─ Phase 2 (assemble + compile)
    │     StubMerger*  topologically merge local stub + dependency stubs + local text -> full IR
    │     BuildPipeline: full IR -> llc -> .obj -> clang++ (+ precompiled includes .obj) -> .exe
    │
    └─ <build_dir>/output/<linker.output>

Module responsibilities:

Module	Responsibility
`App/main.vp`	CLI entry: pools and singletons, arg parsing, phase dispatch, `--run`
`lib/Projectrans/Config.vp`	`project.vpj` loading, path resolution, includes cache dir
`lib/core/CompilerFactory.vp`	owns `mb` (main pool) and `perm_pool` (permanent pool)
`lib/core/Gen/Generator.vp`	project-level `Generator` singleton shared by Phase1/Phase2/BuildPipeline
`lib/core/Gen/Translator.vp`	translator body: `translate()` and `dump_ir()` (`.stub.ll` / `.text.ll` / full IR)
`lib/core/Gen/GenApi.vp`	translator public API and global state (e.g. temp dir)
`lib/Phase/Phase1/`	scan includes, topological order, emit declarations on demand
`lib/Phase/Phase2/`	multi-file projects: scan sources, translate, assemble IR, drive the build
`lib/Phase/BuildPipeline.vp`	`.ll` -> `llc` -> `.obj` -> `clang++` -> `.exe` (ASan branch included)
`lib/Stub/StubGen/`	read `.vpi`, convert to stub declarations
`lib/Stub/StubMerger/`	collect / topologically sort / concatenate / store `stub.ll` and `text.ll`
`lib/core/IncludesScanner.vp`	scan `includes/`, decide what needs rebuilding
`lib/core/VLogger.vp`	logging (with the `--nowarn-register` switch)

Bootstrap note: after self-hosting, module-level globals carry a SHA1 prefix (module isolation), so singletons such as _g_gen must be assigned per module (GenApi._g_gen = gen …), not once by bare name in main.vp — otherwise some modules read their own None, showing up as bogus results like "global-name test always 0".

Memory model

There is no per-object system malloc churn — only two MemBuddy buddy-allocator pools:

POOL_SIZE = 1 GiB (1073741824) — main pool mb, ordinary translation allocations.
PERM_POOL_SIZE = 536871176 (≈512 MiB usable) — permanent pool perm_pool, objects that outlive a phase.
Both are held by the CompilerFactory.factory singleton; mb is additionally injected per module as sys._mbuddy / argparse._mbuddy / ast._mbuddy / Config._mbuddy …

--detection switches both pools into detection mode (0xCDCD fill + record-table probe) to hunt out-of-bounds writes.

Relation to TransPyC

Dimension	TransPyC	ViperC
Implementation	CPython	Viper
Role	bootstrap seed (only used to produce a stable ViperC)	the current compiler
Self-hosted?	—	✅ yes, it compiles itself
Entry	`TransPyC/Projectrans.py`	`App/main.vp`
AST parsing	Python `ast` / in-house vast	`includes/ast` (9 files, in-house)
Project config	`project.json`	`project.vpj`
Platform	Windows / Linux	Windows (`win32.*`)

README.md