feat(overload): 类方法与虚函数重载（符号/函数表键/vtable 槽名一致）

类内同名方法 >=2 时，方法短名追加 _v{参数签名hash}（跳过 self，static 不跳）：LLVM 符号 {sha1}.Class.m_v{hash}、函数表键 Class.m_v{hash}、vtable 槽名 m_v{hash} 三者一致。vtable 收集改为先用 _method_slot_name 建槽名表：继承槽的覆盖判定按槽名比较（只有签名相同的同名方法才算覆盖），本类槽按槽名去重（重载各占一槽）；__init__/__before_init__/__new__ 仍按原始名排除。实例方法调用与 Class.m(obj,...) 两条路径在候选 >=2 时用同一套决议（prefix 模式 + param_base=1），并把 method_name 换成带后缀的短名，使虚调用取到正确槽位。注：本提交含此前未提交的既有改动。

App/lib/core/Gen/Call/CallGenCall.vp

@@ -69,6 +69,12 @@ novirtual class CallGenCall(CallGenBase.CallGenBase):
 
         # 4. bitcast to i8** to access the __vtable__ field (index 0). The vtable
         #    pointer is always first, so a direct bitcast works even for opaque types.
+        #    前提：vtable_base 必须是**对象指针**。结构体值没有地址语义（bitcast struct -> ptr 是
+        #    非法 IR，mlir-opt 报 "operand #0 must be ... non-aggregate type" 且远离调用点），
+        #    这里 fail-fast 暴露上游把值当接收者的 bug。
+        if vtable_base.Ty is None or self.Gen.ExprGenBase.is_ptr_type(vtable_base.Ty) == 0:
+            self.Gen.TypeGenErr.fatal_error(None, f"virtual dispatch receiver of '{class_name}.{method_name}' is not a pointer: the receiver must be an object pointer (a bare class value has no address); write the variable as '{class_name}*' or pass '&obj'", "TypeError")
+            return None
         vtable_slot: mlirlite.Value* = mlirlite.build_bitcast(builder, vtable_base, i8_ptr_ptr_ty)
         if vtable_slot is None: return None
 
@@ -199,8 +205,28 @@ novirtual class CallGenCall(CallGenBase.CallGenBase):
         if lookup_name is None: return None
         viperlib.snprintf(lookup_name, 128, "%s.%s", class_name, method_name)
 
-        # Find the function (supports SHA1 suffix matching).
-        found_func: mlirlite.Function* = self.find_func_in_module(mod, lookup_name)
+        # 重载：同名方法 >=2 时按实参决议（param_base=1 跳过 self）；短名同步换成带签名后缀的形式。
+        found_func: mlirlite.Function* = None
+        m_ovl_done2: int = 0
+        if trans is not None and trans._funcs is not None:
+            if self.Gen.CallGenLeafKit.count_owned_overloads(trans._funcs, trans._func_count, lookup_name, trans.ModuleSha1, 1) >= 2:
+                m_argc2: sizet = 0
+                if arg_nodes is not None: m_argc2 = len(arg_nodes)
+                ovl_m2: mlirlite.Function* = self.Gen.CallGenLeafKit.resolve_overload_call(pool, trans, trans._funcs, trans._func_count, lookup_name, trans.ModuleSha1, arg_nodes, m_argc2, node, 1, 1)
+                if ovl_m2 is None: return None
+                fn_sym2: str = mlirlite.function_get_name(ovl_m2)
+                if fn_sym2 is not None:
+                    pre_len2: sizet = 17 + string.strlen(lookup_name)
+                    if string.strlen(fn_sym2) > pre_len2:
+                        sfx2: str = fn_sym2 + pre_len2
+                        short_cap2: sizet = string.strlen(method_name) + string.strlen(sfx2) + 1
+                        short_buf2: str = pool.alloc(short_cap2)
+                        if short_buf2 is not None:
+                            viperlib.snprintf(short_buf2, short_cap2, "%s%s", method_name, sfx2)
+                            method_name = short_buf2
+                found_func = ovl_m2
+                m_ovl_done2 = 1
+        if m_ovl_done2 == 0: found_func = self.find_func_in_module(mod, lookup_name)
 
         # Determine the call name.
         call_name: str = lookup_name
@@ -353,7 +379,10 @@ novirtual class CallGenCall(CallGenBase.CallGenBase):
                 mdf_param_count = mdf_entry.ParamCount
         # Always query the global default table: the snapshot-rebuild branch below
         # depends on mdf_gd (the only holder of stdlib constant snapshots).
-        mdf_gd: GenTypes.FuncDefaultsEntry* = self.Gen.CallGenLeafKit.find_func_defaults(lookup_name)
+        # 必须带方法所属模块 SHA1：裸名跨模块会命中同名方法（`run`/`init`）的签名。
+        mdf_gd: GenTypes.FuncDefaultsEntry* = None
+        cmop_sha: str = self.Gen.StructGen.get_struct_sha1(class_name)
+        if cmop_sha is not None: mdf_gd = self.Gen.CallGenLeafKit.find_func_defaults(lookup_name, cmop_sha)
         if mdf_defaults is None and mdf_gd is not None:
             mdf_defaults = mdf_gd.Defaults
             mdf_default_count = mdf_gd.DefaultCount
@@ -395,8 +424,8 @@ novirtual class CallGenCall(CallGenBase.CallGenBase):
             mdf_offset: int = mdf_param_count - mdf_default_count
             mdf_pi: int = extra_count
             while mdf_pi < mdf_param_count:
-                # Prefer the defined default value.
-                if mdf_defaults is not None and mdf_default_count > 0 and mdf_pi >= mdf_offset:
+                # Prefer the defined default value（快照在 mdf_gd 里，AST 列表可能已被回收）。
+                if (mdf_defaults is not None or mdf_gd is not None) and mdf_default_count > 0 and mdf_pi >= mdf_offset:
                     mdf_di: int = mdf_pi - mdf_offset
                     if mdf_di < mdf_default_count:
                         # Rebuild from the stdlib constant snapshot (the pool AST may be
@@ -449,7 +478,7 @@ novirtual class CallGenCall(CallGenBase.CallGenBase):
                             if seg_buf_v is not None:
                                 string.strncpy(seg_buf_v, vpi_pa + seg_start_v, seg_len_v)
                                 seg_buf_v[seg_len_v] = '\0'
-                                rty_v: mlirlite.LLVMType* = self.Gen.CallGenBase._vpi_resolve_param_annot_ty(pool, seg_buf_v)
+                                rty_v: mlirlite.LLVMType* = self.Gen.CallGenBase._vpi_resolve_param_annot_ty(pool, seg_buf_v, vpi_sha1_p)
                                 if rty_v is not None: pty_v = rty_v
                                 stdlib.free(seg_buf_v)
                         zero_val_v: mlirlite.Value* = mlirlite.ConstZero(pool, pty_v)
@@ -699,8 +728,33 @@ novirtual class CallGenCall(CallGenBase.CallGenBase):
         if lookup_name is None: return None
         viperlib.snprintf(lookup_name, lk_cap, "%s.%s", class_name, method_name)
 
+        # 重载：类内同名方法 >=2 时按实参类型决议（候选签名第 0 个形参是 self，param_base=1），
+        # prefix 模式让候选集覆盖 "Class.m" 与 "Class.m_v{hash}"。决议成功后把 method_name
+        # 换成带签名后缀的短名，后续虚调用按它取槽（与 VTableMethods 里存的一致）。
+        found_func: mlirlite.Function* = None
+        m_overload_done: int = 0
+        if trans is not None and trans._funcs is not None:
+            if self.Gen.CallGenLeafKit.count_owned_overloads(trans._funcs, trans._func_count, lookup_name, trans.ModuleSha1, 1) >= 2:
+                m_args_o: list[ast.AST*]* = cl.args
+                m_argc_o: sizet = 0
+                if m_args_o is not None: m_argc_o = len(m_args_o)
+                ovl_m: mlirlite.Function* = self.Gen.CallGenLeafKit.resolve_overload_call(pool, trans, trans._funcs, trans._func_count, lookup_name, trans.ModuleSha1, m_args_o, m_argc_o, cl.func, 1, 1)
+                if ovl_m is None: return None
+                fn_sym_o: str = mlirlite.function_get_name(ovl_m)
+                if fn_sym_o is not None:
+                    pre_len_o: sizet = 17 + string.strlen(lookup_name)
+                    if string.strlen(fn_sym_o) > pre_len_o:
+                        sfx_o: str = fn_sym_o + pre_len_o
+                        short_cap: sizet = string.strlen(method_name) + string.strlen(sfx_o) + 1
+                        short_buf_o: str = pool.alloc(short_cap)
+                        if short_buf_o is not None:
+                            viperlib.snprintf(short_buf_o, short_cap, "%s%s", method_name, sfx_o)
+                            method_name = short_buf_o
+                found_func = ovl_m
+                m_overload_done = 1
+
         # Find the function (supports SHA1 suffix matching).
-        found_func: mlirlite.Function* = self.find_func_in_module(mod, lookup_name)
+        if m_overload_done == 0: found_func = self.find_func_in_module(mod, lookup_name)
 
         # Generic template methods: the specialized symbol carries type args
         # ({sha1}.list[int].get), so match by suffix using mc_entry.Name.
@@ -823,9 +877,6 @@ novirtual class CallGenCall(CallGenBase.CallGenBase):
                 # Generic specialization: the specialized function may not be
                 # registered yet; trigger it (idempotent), then re-lookup.
                 gen_done: int = 0
-                # Hoist and initialize the text.ll result explicitly: an uninitialized
-                # value would overwrite a correct call_ret_ty with junk.
-                looked_up_ty: mlirlite.LLVMType* = None
                 if class_name is not None:
                     lbkt_g: str = string.strchr(class_name, '[')
                     if lbkt_g is not None:
@@ -891,8 +942,13 @@ novirtual class CallGenCall(CallGenBase.CallGenBase):
                                 if lrt_lm is not None:
                                     call_ret_ty = lrt_lm
                                     gen_done = 1
+                # Return-type resolution for the not-found case. Everything lives in ONE block
+                # (declaration + all reads): splitting the declaration into a nested block and
+                # reading it outside silently loses the hit (现场: map_builtin_type 的 vpi 命中
+                # 被丢弃，随后退到 text.ll 并误报缺失).
+                if gen_done == 0:
                     # Try vpi for the real return type (authoritative annotation; no hardcoded whitelist).
-                    vpi_ret_ty: mlirlite.LLVMType* = self._lookup_method_ret_ty_via_vpi(pool, ret_anc_sha1, ret_anc_name, method_name)
+                    vpi_ret_ty: mlirlite.LLVMType* = self._lookup_method_ret_ty_via_vpi(pool, ret_anc_sha1, ret_anc_name, method_name, trans)
                     # Retry along the MRO ancestor chain: the method may be defined in a
                     # base class in another module; query vpi per ancestor class + sha1.
                     if vpi_ret_ty is None:
@@ -902,56 +958,36 @@ novirtual class CallGenCall(CallGenBase.CallGenBase):
                             anc_v2: str = rawptr(mro_v2[mi_v2])
                             if anc_v2 is not None and string.strcmp(anc_v2, class_name) != 0:
                                 anc_sha1_v2: str = self.Gen.StructGen.get_struct_sha1(anc_v2)
-                                vpi_ret_ty = self._lookup_method_ret_ty_via_vpi(pool, anc_sha1_v2, anc_v2, method_name)
+                                vpi_ret_ty = self._lookup_method_ret_ty_via_vpi(pool, anc_sha1_v2, anc_v2, method_name, trans)
                                 if vpi_ret_ty is not None:
                                     ret_anc_name = anc_v2
                                     ret_anc_sha1 = anc_sha1_v2
                             mi_v2 += 1
-                if gen_done == 0 and vpi_ret_ty is not None: call_ret_ty = vpi_ret_ty
-                elif gen_done == 0:
-                    # Fallback: find the real return type from the text.ll define line so
-                    # pointer returns are not truncated by the default i32.
-                    looked_up_ty = self._LookupMethodRetTyFromTextLL(pool, ret_anc_sha1, ret_anc_name, method_name)
-                    # Retry along the MRO, using each ancestor class name + its module sha1.
-                    if looked_up_ty is None:
-                        mro_t2: sizet* = self.Gen.StructGen.get_mro_chain(pool, class_name)
-                        mi_t2: int = 1
-                        while mro_t2 is not None and mro_t2[mi_t2] != 0 and looked_up_ty is None:
-                            anc_t2: str = rawptr(mro_t2[mi_t2])
-                            if anc_t2 is not None and string.strcmp(anc_t2, class_name) != 0:
-                                anc_sha1_t2: str = self.Gen.StructGen.get_struct_sha1(anc_t2)
-                                looked_up_ty = self._LookupMethodRetTyFromTextLL(pool, anc_sha1_t2, anc_t2, method_name)
-                                if looked_up_ty is not None:
-                                    ret_anc_name = anc_t2
-                                    ret_anc_sha1 = anc_sha1_t2
-                            mi_t2 += 1
-                    if looked_up_ty is not None: call_ret_ty = looked_up_ty
+                    if vpi_ret_ty is not None:
+                        call_ret_ty = vpi_ret_ty
                     else:
-                        # Phase A: the dependency's text.ll is not generated yet, so keep
-                        # the default type; ret_anc_sha1 None also means not ready.
-                        if ret_anc_sha1 is None or (ret_anc_sha1 is not None and self._dep_text_ll_exists(pool, ret_anc_sha1) == 0):
-                            # Dependency not ready: keep default i32, not Void, since
-                            # build_call(Void) returns None and breaks expression translation.
-                            call_ret_ty = mlirlite.Int32(pool)
+                        # Fallback: find the real return type from the text.ll define line so
+                        # pointer returns are not truncated by the default i32.
+                        looked_up_ty: mlirlite.LLVMType* = self._LookupMethodRetTyFromTextLL(pool, ret_anc_sha1, ret_anc_name, method_name)
+                        # Retry along the MRO, using each ancestor class name + its module sha1.
+                        if looked_up_ty is None:
+                            mro_t2: sizet* = self.Gen.StructGen.get_mro_chain(pool, class_name)
+                            mi_t2: int = 1
+                            while mro_t2 is not None and mro_t2[mi_t2] != 0 and looked_up_ty is None:
+                                anc_t2: str = rawptr(mro_t2[mi_t2])
+                                if anc_t2 is not None and string.strcmp(anc_t2, class_name) != 0:
+                                    anc_sha1_t2: str = self.Gen.StructGen.get_struct_sha1(anc_t2)
+                                    looked_up_ty = self._LookupMethodRetTyFromTextLL(pool, anc_sha1_t2, anc_t2, method_name)
+                                    if looked_up_ty is not None:
+                                        ret_anc_name = anc_t2
+                                        ret_anc_sha1 = anc_sha1_t2
+                                mi_t2 += 1
+                        if looked_up_ty is not None: call_ret_ty = looked_up_ty
                         else:
-                            # The method may be defined in an MRO ancestor (Mixin) module
-                            # not yet translated; if any ancestor is unready, defer.
-                            mro_p2: sizet* = self.Gen.StructGen.get_mro_chain(pool, class_name)
-                            mi_p2: int = 1
-                            anc_missing_p2: int = 0
-                            while mro_p2 is not None and mro_p2[mi_p2] != 0:
-                                anc_p2: str = rawptr(mro_p2[mi_p2])
-                                if anc_p2 is not None:
-                                    anc_sha1_p2: str = self.Gen.StructGen.get_struct_sha1(anc_p2)
-                                    if anc_sha1_p2 is None or self._dep_text_ll_exists(pool, anc_sha1_p2) == 0:
-                                        anc_missing_p2 = 1
-                                        break
-                                mi_p2 += 1
-                            if anc_missing_p2 != 0:
-                                # Dependency not ready: keep default i32 (build_call(Void)
-                                # returns None and breaks expression translation).
-                                call_ret_ty = mlirlite.Int32(pool)
-                            else: call_ret_ty = self._fail_method_ret_ty(method_name, cl, class_name, ret_anc_name, ret_anc_sha1)
+                            # vpi 存根在 Phase A 前已为所有源文件预生成，因此"vpi 查不到"是真实错误，
+                            # 不是"依赖尚未翻译"。静默退化成 i32 会把指针返回值截断，并在下游赋值处
+                            # 变成一个误导性的 CastError（现场：AssignGenMixin L390 map_builtin_type）。
+                            call_ret_ty = self._fail_method_ret_ty(method_name, cl, class_name, ret_anc_name, ret_anc_sha1, pool)
 
                 # found_func missed but the return type resolved: build the cross-module
                 # call name from the defining class to avoid undefined references.
@@ -1193,6 +1229,11 @@ novirtual class CallGenCall(CallGenBase.CallGenBase):
         mdf_defaults: rawptr = None
         mdf_default_count: int = 0
         mdf_param_count: int = 0
+        # 方法所属模块 SHA1：后面所有 defaults 查找都必须带上它，绝不跨模块按名搜
+        # （`run`/`init` 这类方法名在多个模块里都有，裸名会拿错签名去补参）。
+        vpi_sha1_p: str = None
+        if mc_entry is not None and mc_entry.ModuleSha1 is not None: vpi_sha1_p = mc_entry.ModuleSha1
+        else: vpi_sha1_p = self.Gen.StructGen.get_struct_sha1(class_name)
         if trans is not None and trans._funcs is not None:
             mdf_entry: GenTypes.FuncEntry* = self.Gen.CallGenLeafKit.find_func_entry_in_table(trans._funcs, trans._func_count, lookup_name)
             if mdf_entry is not None:
@@ -1201,19 +1242,26 @@ novirtual class CallGenCall(CallGenBase.CallGenBase):
                 mdf_param_count = mdf_entry.ParamCount
         # Always query the global default table: the snapshot-rebuild branch below
         # depends on mdf_gd (the only holder of stdlib constant snapshots).
-        mdf_gd: GenTypes.FuncDefaultsEntry* = self.Gen.CallGenLeafKit.find_func_defaults(lookup_name)
-        if mdf_defaults is None and mdf_gd is not None:
+        mdf_gd: GenTypes.FuncDefaultsEntry* = None
+        if vpi_sha1_p is not None: mdf_gd = self.Gen.CallGenLeafKit.find_func_defaults(lookup_name, vpi_sha1_p)
+        if mdf_gd is not None:
             mdf_defaults = mdf_gd.Defaults
             mdf_default_count = mdf_gd.DefaultCount
             mdf_param_count = mdf_gd.ParamCount
 
+        # SHA1 隔离兜底：表里没有该方法（或表里没有缺省值快照）时，直接读它所属模块 .vpi 的签名。
+        # 只读 vpi_sha1_p 这一个模块，不跨模块搜索；同名多处定义时该查找返回未命中（不猜）。
+        if (mdf_gd is None or mdf_param_count == 0) and vpi_sha1_p is not None:
+            mdf_gd = self.Gen.CallGen._defaults_entry_from_vpi(pool, vpi_sha1_p, lookup_name)
+            if mdf_gd is not None:
+                mdf_defaults = None
+                mdf_default_count = mdf_gd.DefaultCount
+                mdf_param_count = mdf_gd.ParamCount
+
         # Cross-module stub fallback: when the dependency's vpi is not loaded the
         # table lacks ParamCount; fill it from the vpi text cache.
         vpi_pa: str = None
         if mdf_param_count == 0 and found_func is None:
-            vpi_sha1_p: str = None
-            if mc_entry is not None and mc_entry.ModuleSha1 is not None: vpi_sha1_p = mc_entry.ModuleSha1
-            else: vpi_sha1_p = self.Gen.StructGen.get_struct_sha1(class_name)
             if vpi_sha1_p is not None:
                 vpi_pa = self.Gen.CallGenBase._vpi_method_param_annot(pool, vpi_sha1_p, class_name, method_name)
                 if vpi_pa is not None and vpi_pa[0] != '\0':
@@ -1243,8 +1291,8 @@ novirtual class CallGenCall(CallGenBase.CallGenBase):
             mdf_offset: int = mdf_param_count - mdf_default_count
             mdf_pi: int = arg_count_eff
             while mdf_pi < mdf_param_count:
-                # Prefer the defined default value.
-                if mdf_defaults is not None and mdf_default_count > 0 and mdf_pi >= mdf_offset:
+                # Prefer the defined default value（快照在 mdf_gd 里，AST 列表可能已被回收）。
+                if (mdf_defaults is not None or mdf_gd is not None) and mdf_default_count > 0 and mdf_pi >= mdf_offset:
                     mdf_di: int = mdf_pi - mdf_offset
                     if mdf_di < mdf_default_count:
                         # Rebuild from the stdlib constant snapshot (the pool AST may be
@@ -1301,7 +1349,7 @@ novirtual class CallGenCall(CallGenBase.CallGenBase):
                             if seg_buf_v is not None:
                                 string.strncpy(seg_buf_v, vpi_pa + seg_start_v, seg_len_v)
                                 seg_buf_v[seg_len_v] = '\0'
-                                rty_v: mlirlite.LLVMType* = self.Gen.CallGenBase._vpi_resolve_param_annot_ty(pool, seg_buf_v)
+                                rty_v: mlirlite.LLVMType* = self.Gen.CallGenBase._vpi_resolve_param_annot_ty(pool, seg_buf_v, vpi_sha1_p)
                                 if rty_v is not None: pty_v = rty_v
                                 stdlib.free(seg_buf_v)
                         zero_val_v: mlirlite.Value* = mlirlite.ConstZero(pool, pty_v)
@@ -1312,6 +1360,11 @@ novirtual class CallGenCall(CallGenBase.CallGenBase):
                             total_count += 1
                 mdf_pi += 1
 
+        # 补完仍少于声明形参：直接给 VPC Diag，不要放行到 mlir-opt 的
+        # "incorrect number of operands"（那时已经丢失函数名与差几个实参的信息）。
+        if found_func is None and mdf_param_count > 0 and (total_count - 1) < mdf_param_count:
+            self.Gen.TypeGenErr.fatal_error(cl, f"method call '{lookup_name}' passes {total_count - 1} argument(s) but the definition declares {mdf_param_count} parameter(s) (self excluded)", "TypeError")
+
         # Virtual dispatch: if the class has a vtable and the method is in it, call
         # indirectly (does not depend on found_func; reuses the earlier mc_entry).
         mc_has_vt: int = 0
@@ -1671,7 +1724,7 @@ novirtual class CallGenCall(CallGenBase.CallGenBase):
             sp_ty_sp: mlirlite.LLVMType* = self._special_method_ret_ty(pool, anc, method_name)
             if sp_ty_sp is not None: ret_ty_sp = sp_ty_sp
             else:
-                vpi_ret_sp: mlirlite.LLVMType* = self._lookup_method_ret_ty_via_vpi(pool, anc_sha1_sp, anc, method_name)
+                vpi_ret_sp: mlirlite.LLVMType* = self._lookup_method_ret_ty_via_vpi(pool, anc_sha1_sp, anc, method_name, trans)
                 if vpi_ret_sp is not None: ret_ty_sp = vpi_ret_sp
                 else:
                     looked_sp: mlirlite.LLVMType* = self._LookupMethodRetTyFromTextLL(pool, anc_sha1_sp, anc, method_name)

App/lib/core/Gen/Call/CallGenLeafKit.vp

@@ -1023,8 +1023,22 @@ novirtual class CallGenLeafKit(CallGenCBuiltin.CallGenCBuiltin):
     #       任一实参类型无法静态确定时，候选 >=2 直接 fail-fast（必须显式强转）。
     # ============================================================
 
+    # _overload_name_matches - 候选名匹配：exact 模式要求同名；prefix 模式接受
+    # "键" 本身或 "键_v{hash}"（方法重载：类内同名方法的表键带签名后缀）。
+    def _overload_name_matches(self, entry_name: str, key: str, prefix_mode: int) -> int:
+        """函数表项名是否属于该重载组；1=是"""
+        if entry_name is None or key is None: return 0
+        if prefix_mode == 0:
+            if string.strcmp(entry_name, key) == 0: return 1
+            return 0
+        kn: sizet = string.strlen(key)
+        if string.strncmp(entry_name, key, kn) != 0: return 0
+        if entry_name[kn] == '\0': return 1
+        if entry_name[kn] == '_' and entry_name[kn + 1] == 'v': return 1
+        return 0
+
     # count_owned_overloads - 统计某名字在本模块下的函数表项数
-    def count_owned_overloads(self, funcs: GenTypes.FuncEntry*, func_count: int, name: str, owner_sha1: str) -> int:
+    def count_owned_overloads(self, funcs: GenTypes.FuncEntry*, func_count: int, name: str, owner_sha1: str, prefix_mode: int = 0) -> int:
         """同名且符号属于 owner_sha1 模块的函数表项个数"""
         if funcs is None or name is None: return 0
         entry_size: sizet = GenTypes.FuncEntry.__sizeof__()
@@ -1032,7 +1046,7 @@ novirtual class CallGenLeafKit(CallGenCBuiltin.CallGenCBuiltin):
         for i in range(int(func_count)):
             entry: GenTypes.FuncEntry* = GenTypes.FuncEntry*(uint64(funcs) + uint64(i * entry_size))
             if entry is None or entry.Name is None or entry.Func is None: continue
-            if string.strcmp(entry.Name, name) != 0: continue
+            if self._overload_name_matches(entry.Name, name, prefix_mode) == 0: continue
             if owner_sha1 is not None:
                 fn_nm: str = mlirlite.function_get_name(entry.Func)
                 if fn_nm is None: continue
@@ -1214,8 +1228,10 @@ novirtual class CallGenLeafKit(CallGenCBuiltin.CallGenCBuiltin):
         return better
 
     # resolve_overload_call - 在候选集中决议唯一的重载；歧义/无法定型时 fail-fast
-    def resolve_overload_call(self, pool: memhub.MemBuddy*, trans: HT.Translator*, funcs: GenTypes.FuncEntry*, func_count: int, name: str, owner_sha1: str, cargs: list[ast.AST*]*, can: sizet, call_node: ast.AST*) -> mlirlite.Function*:
-        """按实参静态类型选择唯一最优重载；返回 None 表示已报错"""
+    def resolve_overload_call(self, pool: memhub.MemBuddy*, trans: HT.Translator*, funcs: GenTypes.FuncEntry*, func_count: int, name: str, owner_sha1: str, cargs: list[ast.AST*]*, can: sizet, call_node: ast.AST*, prefix_mode: int = 0, param_base: int = 0) -> mlirlite.Function*:
+        """按实参静态类型选择唯一最优重载；返回 None 表示已报错。
+        prefix_mode=1 用于方法（表键 "Class.m" / "Class.m_v{hash}"）；
+        param_base=1 表示候选签名第 0 个形参是 self，需跳过。"""
         if funcs is None or name is None: return None
         entry_size: sizet = GenTypes.FuncEntry.__sizeof__()
         argv_n: int = int(can)
@@ -1228,7 +1244,7 @@ novirtual class CallGenLeafKit(CallGenCBuiltin.CallGenCBuiltin):
         for i in range(int(func_count)):
             entry: GenTypes.FuncEntry* = GenTypes.FuncEntry*(uint64(funcs) + uint64(i * entry_size))
             if entry is None or entry.Name is None or entry.Func is None: continue
-            if string.strcmp(entry.Name, name) != 0: continue
+            if self._overload_name_matches(entry.Name, name, prefix_mode) == 0: continue
             if owner_sha1 is not None:
                 fn_nm_c: str = mlirlite.function_get_name(entry.Func)
                 if fn_nm_c is None: continue
@@ -1295,7 +1311,7 @@ novirtual class CallGenLeafKit(CallGenCBuiltin.CallGenCBuiltin):
                         break
                     r = 3
                 else:
-                    p: TSpec.TypeSpec* = TSpec.SpecParamAt(e.Spec, ai)
+                    p: TSpec.TypeSpec* = TSpec.SpecParamAt(e.Spec, param_base + ai)
                     r = self._overload_rank((TSpec.TypeSpec*)(uint64(argspec[ai])), p)
                     if r < 0:
                         good = 0

App/lib/core/Gen/Class/ClassGenVTable.vp

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import mlirlite
 import memhub
 import string
 import stdio
+import stdlib
 import viperlib
 import lib.core.VLogger as VLogger
 import lib.core.Gen.Translator as HT
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ import lib.core.Gen.GenApi as GenApi
 import lib.core.Gen.DebugInfoGen as DebugInfoGen
 
 
-# Method metadata flag: TLS (@t.TLS decorator; local copy avoids a cross-module CDefine lookup).
+# Method metadata flag: TLS (@t.TLS decorator; local copy avoids a cross-module DefineT lookup).
 define META_TLS        = 32
 # Vtable method tables are sized per class at collection time (parents' count + own methods);
 # there is deliberately no fixed VTBL_METHOD_MAX.
@@ -53,8 +54,34 @@ novirtual class ClassGenVTable(ClassGenBase.ClassGenBase):
         for i in name:
             if i == '.': return 1
         return 0
-    # _collect_vtable_methods - collect virtual methods (inherited first, then own) into the
-    # Vt* buffers and entry.VTableMethods/VTableMethodCount; returns 1 if any, else 0.
+    # _method_slot_name - 方法在函数表 / vtable 里的短名。
+    # 类内同名方法 >=2 构成重载组时追加 "_v{参数签名hash}"（跳过 self）；三者必须一致：
+    # 函数表键 "Class.m_v{hash}"、LLVM 符号 "{sha1}.Class.m_v{hash}"、vtable 槽名 "m_v{hash}"。
+    def _method_slot_name(self, pool: memhub.MemBuddy*, trans: HT.Translator*, cd: ast.ClassDef*, fd: ast.FunctionDef*) -> str:
+        """方法短名（重载组带签名后缀）；失败返回 None（已报错）"""
+        if fd is None or fd.name is None: return None
+        if cd is None or cd.children is None: return fd.name
+        if self.Gen.FuncGenDef._overload_name_count(cd.children, fd.name) < 2: return fd.name
+        if fd.type_params is not None:
+            self.Gen.TypeGenErr.fatal_error(fd, f"generic method '{fd.name}' cannot be overloaded (generic overloads are not supported)", "TypeError")
+            return None
+        # @staticmethod 没有 self；实例方法 / 类方法的第 0 个形参是 self，不参与签名
+        skip_self: int = 1
+        fm_s: int = self.Gen.ClassGenBase._extract_func_meta(fd.decorator_list)
+        if fm_s & GenTypes.META_STATIC != 0: skip_self = 0
+        sig: str = self.Gen.FuncGenDef._overload_sig_text(pool, fd, trans, skip_self)
+        if sig is None: return None
+        h: str = TSpec.SpecSigHash16(sig)
+        stdlib.free(sig)
+        if h is None: return None
+        base_len: sizet = string.strlen(fd.name)
+        out: str = pool.alloc(base_len + 24)
+        if out is None: return None
+        viperlib.snprintf(out, base_len + 24, "%s_v%s", fd.name, h)
+        return out
+
+    # _collect_vtable_methods - collect virtual methods (inherited first, then own) into the
+    # Vt* buffers and entry.VTableMethods/VTableMethodCount; returns 1 if any, else 0.
     def _collect_vtable_methods(self, trans: HT.Translator*, cd: ast.ClassDef*, class_name: str) -> int:
         """Collect virtual methods into entry.VTableMethods/VTableMethodCount."""
         if trans is None or cd is None or class_name is None: return 0
@@ -98,6 +125,22 @@ novirtual class ClassGenVTable(ClassGenBase.ClassGenBase):
 
         method_count: int = 0
 
+        # 重载：先算出每个 def 的槽名（类内同名 >=2 时带 "_v{签名hash}"）。
+        # "继承槽覆盖判定"与"本类槽加入"共用这张表，两处名字必须完全一致，
+        # 否则重载方法要么被误判成覆盖、要么占两个槽。
+        slot_names: sizet* = pool.alloc(8 * cn)
+        if slot_names is None: return 0
+        string.memset(slot_names, 0, sizet(8 * cn))
+        for si in range(int(cn)):
+            stmt_s: ast.AST* = children.get(si)
+            if stmt_s is None: continue
+            if stmt_s.kind() != ast.ASTKind.FunctionDef: continue
+            fd_s: ast.FunctionDef* = ast.FunctionDef*(stmt_s)
+            if fd_s is None or fd_s.name is None: continue
+            slot_nm_s: str = self._method_slot_name(pool, trans, cd, fd_s)
+            if slot_nm_s is None: return 0
+            slot_names[si] = sizet(slot_nm_s)
+
         # Inherit parent virtual methods first (stable slot order); overridden methods use the
         # subclass, others the parent; SHA1-aware lookup avoids cross-module same-name mismatches.
         vt_self_entry: GenTypes.StructEntry* = self.Gen.StructGen.find_struct_by_module(class_name, trans.ModuleSha1)
@@ -132,8 +175,11 @@ novirtual class ClassGenVTable(ClassGenBase.ClassGenBase):
                             if stmt2 is None: continue
                             if stmt2.kind() != ast.ASTKind.FunctionDef: continue
                             fd2: ast.FunctionDef* = ast.FunctionDef*(stmt2)
-                            if fd2 is not None and fd2.name is not None:
-                                if string.strcmp(fd2.name, pmethod_name) == 0:
+                            # 覆盖判定按"槽名"比较（重载组带签名后缀）：只有签名相同的同名方法才算覆盖
+                            fd2_slot: str = None
+                            if slot_names[ci2] != 0: fd2_slot = rawptr(slot_names[ci2])
+                            if fd2 is not None and fd2_slot is not None:
+                                if string.strcmp(fd2_slot, pmethod_name) == 0:
                                     child_overrides = 1
                                     # Check whether the overriding subclass method is marked @t.NoVTable.
                                     if fd2.decorator_list is not None:
@@ -191,11 +237,13 @@ novirtual class ClassGenVTable(ClassGenBase.ClassGenBase):
                 # stay loud rather than writing past the PermPool array.
                 self.Gen.TypeGenErr.fatal_error(cd, f"internal error: vtable of '{class_name}' exceeded its computed capacity {vt_cap}", "InternalCompilerError")
 
-            mname: str = fd.name
-            # Skip constructors and special methods (they must not enter the vtable).
-            if string.strcmp(mname, "__init__") == 0: continue
-            if string.strcmp(mname, "__before_init__") == 0: continue
-            if string.strcmp(mname, "__new__") == 0: continue
+            mname: str = rawptr(slot_names[ci])
+            if mname is None: mname = fd.name
+            # Skip constructors and special methods (they must not enter the vtable).
+            # 用 fd.name 判断：重载组的槽名带后缀，用槽名会漏判把 __init__ 塞进 vtable。
+            if string.strcmp(fd.name, "__init__") == 0: continue
+            if string.strcmp(fd.name, "__before_init__") == 0: continue
+            if string.strcmp(fd.name, "__new__") == 0: continue
             # Function-level decorator filter: decide whether the method belongs in the vtable.
             if self.Gen.ClassGenBase._should_method_be_virtual(cd, fd, trans) == 0: continue
             # Skip if already inherited (avoid duplicates).
@@ -402,8 +450,8 @@ novirtual class ClassGenVTable(ClassGenBase.ClassGenBase):
             #
             # 「带 virtual 标记」在本工程里没有独立的「虚类」位，统一走 entry.HasVTable==1：
             #   - 该标记由 ClassGenDef 依据 ClassGenBase._detect_vtable_status 置位（ClassGenDef.vp:487）；
-            #   - _detect_vtable_status 覆盖：类级 @t.CVTable（`virtual class` 的语法糖，parser.vp:556-621 合成）、
-            #     方法级 @t.CVTable（`virtual def` 同款合成）、以及继承链上父类 HasVTable==1 的推导
+            #   - _detect_vtable_status 覆盖：类级 @t.VTableT（`virtual class` 的语法糖，parser.vp:556-621 合成）、
+            #     方法级 @t.VTableT（`virtual def` 同款合成）、以及继承链上父类 HasVTable==1 的推导
             #     （ClassGenBase.vp:883-916）。
             # 即「显式 virtual 标记 或 由虚父类推导出的虚表」这一口径，且不含纯数据类。
             #
@@ -546,7 +594,14 @@ novirtual class ClassGenVTable(ClassGenBase.ClassGenBase):
         elif func_meta & GenTypes.META_PROP_DELETER != 0:
             mn_len2: sizet = string.strlen(method_name_buf)
             if mn_len2 + 5 < 128: string.strcat(method_name_buf, "$del")
-        method_name = method_name_buf
+        method_name = method_name_buf
+
+        # 重载：类内同名方法 >=2 时短名追加 "_v{签名hash}"，使符号、函数表键与 vtable 槽名一致。
+        # 属性 setter/deleter 已带 $set/$del 后缀，不参与重载。
+        if func_meta & GenTypes.META_PROP_SETTER == 0 and func_meta & GenTypes.META_PROP_DELETER == 0:
+            slot_nm_m: str = self._method_slot_name(pool, trans, cd, fd)
+            if slot_nm_m is None: return 0
+            method_name = slot_nm_m
 
         is_static_m: int = 0
         is_class_m: int = 0
@@ -571,9 +626,9 @@ novirtual class ClassGenVTable(ClassGenBase.ClassGenBase):
             self.Gen.TypeGenResolve.reject_ref_marker_position(fd.returns, imported_modules, "a method return type")
             ret_ty = self.Gen.TypeGenResolve.resolve_annotation_type(pool, fd.returns, imported_modules, from_imports, trans, 0)
         if ret_ty is None and fd.returns is not None:
-            # t.State / t.CExport / t.CExtern markers mean Void: such annotations carry no real return
+            # t.State / t.ExportT / t.ExternT markers mean Void: such annotations carry no real return
             # type (written as "<original> | t.<marker>"); only the marker itself reaches here.
-            if self.Gen.TypeGenErr.has_decorator_marker(fd.returns, "State", 0) != 0 or self.Gen.TypeGenErr.has_decorator_marker(fd.returns, "CExport", 0) != 0 or self.Gen.TypeGenErr.has_decorator_marker(fd.returns, "CExtern", 0) != 0:
+            if self.Gen.TypeGenErr.has_decorator_marker(fd.returns, "State", 0) != 0 or self.Gen.TypeGenErr.has_decorator_marker(fd.returns, "ExportT", 0) != 0 or self.Gen.TypeGenErr.has_decorator_marker(fd.returns, "ExternT", 0) != 0:
                 ret_ty = mlirlite.Void(pool)
             else:
                 # [S4 fail-fast] return annotation failed to resolve: do not fall back to infer_return_type (silent mismatch).
@@ -666,7 +721,7 @@ novirtual class ClassGenVTable(ClassGenBase.ClassGenBase):
                                     self.Gen.TypeGenErr.fatal_error(arg, f"method '{class_name}.{method_name}' param '{arg.arg}' type annotation failed to resolve", "NameError")
                                     return 0
                                 # Bare-class param -> Ptr(struct) (objects are pointers; by-value would dangle after append).
-                                # CArray param -> element pointer ty* (C array decay, same as function params).
+                                # ArrayT param -> element pointer ty* (C array decay, same as function params).
                                 match resolved:
                                     case mlirlite.LLVMType.Void():
                                         # void is not a legal param type (only void* and typedef opaque structs); void*
@@ -824,7 +879,7 @@ novirtual class ClassGenVTable(ClassGenBase.ClassGenBase):
                                 self.Gen.TypeGenErr.fatal_error(arg2, f"method '{class_name}.{method_name}' argument '{arg2.arg}' failed to resolve type", "NameError")
                                 resolved2 = i32_ty  # Unreachable (fatal_error already exits).
                             if resolved2 is not None:
-                                # Keep in sync with add_param: bare class -> Ptr(struct) (objects are pointers); CArray -> element pointer ty*.
+                                # Keep in sync with add_param: bare class -> Ptr(struct) (objects are pointers); ArrayT -> element pointer ty*.
                                 match resolved2:
                                     case mlirlite.LLVMType.Void():
                                         # void is not a legal param type (same rule as above).
@@ -1046,7 +1101,7 @@ novirtual class ClassGenVTable(ClassGenBase.ClassGenBase):
         self_val: mlirlite.Value* = mlirlite.SSAValue(pool, self_ptr_ty, "%self")
 
         # Zero-fill: store zeroinitializer into %self. Empty structs ({}) cannot use zeroinitializer
-        # (invalid type for null constant), so field-less classes skip it; @t.CVTable classes always have a slot.
+        # (invalid type for null constant), so field-less classes skip it; @t.VTableT classes always have a slot.
         struct_fcount_zi: int = mlirlite.get_struct_fcount(struct_ty)
         if struct_fcount_zi > 0:
             zero: mlirlite.Value* = mlirlite.ConstZero(pool, struct_ty)
@@ -1122,7 +1177,11 @@ novirtual class ClassGenVTable(ClassGenBase.ClassGenBase):
                             fname_dbg_v: str = fe.Name
                             if fname_dbg_v is None: fname_dbg_v = "?"
                             viperlib.snprintf(arr_ctx, 192, "class %s field %s: ", class_name, fname_dbg_v)
-                        self.Gen.AssignGen._init_global_array_from_list(func_builder, pool, mod, field_ptr_arr, fe.DefaultVal, trans, arr_ctx)
+                        # arr_ty_opt = fe.Ty: the GEP result may carry no pointee type, and the helper
+                        # used to bail out silently, leaving the field zero-initialized (sha1.state).
+                        arr_init_rc: int = self.Gen.AssignGen._init_global_array_from_list(func_builder, pool, mod, field_ptr_arr, fe.DefaultVal, trans, arr_ctx, 0, fe.Ty)
+                        if arr_init_rc != 0:
+                            self.Gen.TypeGenErr.fatal_error(fe.DefaultVal, f"class {class_name} field {fe.Name}: array default initializer could not be emitted (the declared array type or the list literal was rejected)", "TypeError")
                     continue
                 # Translate the default-value expression.
                 default_val: mlirlite.Value* = self.Gen.ExprGen.translate_value(func_builder, pool, mod, fe.DefaultVal, None, 0, trans)

App/lib/core/Gen/Func/FuncGenDef.vp

@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ novirtual class FuncGenDef(CallGenBase.CallGenBase):
     # 用注解（而不是 LLVM 类型）生成：LLVM 没有符号性，int/uint 会撞；走 SpecFromLLVMType +
     # SpecWithSign 后别名展开为 i32/u32，指针是 p:i32，结构体是 st:{模块sha1}.类名
     # （跨模块引用天然展开，不会同名相撞）。可变参数追加 ",..."。
-    def _overload_sig_text(self, pool: memhub.MemBuddy*, fd: ast.FunctionDef*, trans: HT.Translator*) -> str:
+    def _overload_sig_text(self, pool: memhub.MemBuddy*, fd: ast.FunctionDef*, trans: HT.Translator*, skip_first: int = 0) -> str:
         """返回规范形参签名文本（stdlib 缓冲，调用方 free）；失败时已报错并返回 None"""
         if pool is None or fd is None or trans is None: return None
         arena: TSpec.TypeSpecArena* = self.Gen.TypeGenBase.ensure_spec_arena()
@@ -122,9 +122,13 @@ novirtual class FuncGenDef(CallGenBase.CallGenBase):
                 alist: list[ast.AST*]* = ags.args
                 an: sizet = len(alist)
                 ai: sizet = 0
+                pi: int = 0
                 while ai < an:
                     arg: ast.Arg* = ast.Arg*(alist.get(ai))
                     ai += 1
+                    pi += 1
+                    # 方法重载跳过 self（所有重载共享同一个 self，不参与签名）
+                    if pi <= skip_first: continue
                     if arg is None or arg.arg is None: continue
                     ty: mlirlite.LLVMType* = None
                     if arg.annotation is not None: