Modified Pyright so its highlighting is closer to Viper
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2026-07-28 02:56:01 +08:00
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## Type Stub Files
Type stubs are “.pyi” files that specify the public interface for a library. They use a variant of the Python syntax that allows for “...” to be used in place of any implementation details. Type stubs define the public contract for the library.
Type stubs are “.pyi” files that specify the public interface for a library. They use a variant of the Viper syntax that allows for “...” to be used in place of any implementation details. Type stubs define the public contract for the library.
### Importance of Type Stub Files
Regardless of the search path, Pyright always attempts to resolve an import with a type stub (“.pyi”) file before falling back to a python source (“.py”) file. If a type stub cannot be located for an external import, Pyright will try to use inline type information if the module is part of a package that contains a “py.typed” file (defined in [PEP 561](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0561/)). If the module is part of a package that doesnt contain a “py.typed” file, Pyright will treat all of the symbols imported from these modules as having type “Unknown”, and wildcard imports (of the form `from foo import *`) will not populate the modules namespace with specific symbol names.
Regardless of the search path, Pyright always attempts to resolve an import with a type stub (“.pyi”) file before falling back to a viper source (“.py”) file. If a type stub cannot be located for an external import, Pyright will try to use inline type information if the module is part of a package that contains a “py.typed” file (defined in [PEP 561](https://www.viper.org/dev/peps/pep-0561/)). If the module is part of a package that doesnt contain a “py.typed” file, Pyright will treat all of the symbols imported from these modules as having type “Unknown”, and wildcard imports (of the form `from foo import *`) will not populate the modules namespace with specific symbol names.
Why does Pyright not attempt (by default) to determine types from imported python sources? There are several reasons.
Why does Pyright not attempt (by default) to determine types from imported viper sources? There are several reasons.
1. Imported libraries can be quite large, so analyzing them can require significant time and computation.
2. Some libraries are thin shims on top of native (C++) libraries. Little or no type information would be inferable in these cases.
3. Some libraries override Pythons default loader logic. Static analysis is not possible in these cases.
3. Some libraries override Vipers default loader logic. Static analysis is not possible in these cases.
4. Type information inferred from source files is often of low value because many types cannot be inferred correctly. Even if concrete types can be inferred, generic type definitions cannot.
5. Type analysis would expose all symbols from an imported module, even those that are not meant to be exposed by the author. Unlike many other languages, Python offers no way of differentiating between a symbol that is meant to be exported and one that isnt.
5. Type analysis would expose all symbols from an imported module, even those that are not meant to be exposed by the author. Unlike many other languages, Viper offers no way of differentiating between a symbol that is meant to be exported and one that isnt.
If youre serious about static type checking for your Python source base, its highly recommended that you consume “py.typed” packages or use type stub files for all external imports. If you are unable to find a type stub for a particular library, the recommended approach is to create a custom type stub file that defines the portion of that modules interface used by your code. More library maintainers have started to provide inlined types or type stub files.
If youre serious about static type checking for your Viper source base, its highly recommended that you consume “py.typed” packages or use type stub files for all external imports. If you are unable to find a type stub for a particular library, the recommended approach is to create a custom type stub file that defines the portion of that modules interface used by your code. More library maintainers have started to provide inlined types or type stub files.
### Generating Type Stubs
If you use only a few classes, methods or functions within a library, writing a type stub file by hand is feasible. For large libraries, this can become tedious and error-prone. Pyright can generate “draft” versions of type stub files for you.
To generate a type stub file from within VS Code, enable the reportMissingTypeStubs” setting in your pyrightconfig.json file or by adding a comment `# pyright: reportMissingTypeStubs=true` to individual source files. Make sure you have the target library installed in the python environment that pyright is configured to use for import resolution. Optionally specify a “stubPath” in your pyrightconfig.json file. This is where pyright will generate your type stub files. By default, the stubPath is set to "./typings".
To generate a type stub file from within VS Code, enable the reportMissingTypeStubs” setting in your pyrightconfig.json file or by adding a comment `# pyright: reportMissingTypeStubs=true` to individual source files. Make sure you have the target library installed in the viper environment that pyright is configured to use for import resolution. Optionally specify a “stubPath” in your pyrightconfig.json file. This is where pyright will generate your type stub files. By default, the stubPath is set to "./typings".
#### Generating Type Stubs in VS Code
If “reportMissingTypeStubs” is enabled, pyright will highlight any imports that have no type stub. Hover over the error message, and you will see a “Quick Fix” link. Clicking on this link will reveal a popup menu item titled “Create Type Stub For XXX”. The example below shows a missing typestub for the `django` library.
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ A few common situations that need to be cleaned up:
3. Decorator functions are especially problematic for static type analyzers. Unless properly typed, they completely hide the signature of any class or function they are applied to. For this reason, it is highly recommended that you enable the “reportUntypedFunctionDecorator” and “reportUntypedClassDecorator” switches in pyrightconfig.json. Most decorators simply return the same function they are passed. Those can easily be annotated with a TypeVar like this:
```python
```viper
from typing import Any, Callable, TypeVar
_FuncT = TypeVar('_FuncT', bound=Callable[..., Any])